tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47703319032209204992024-02-07T23:35:04.223-05:00Panama Laws and AdvicePlease, post a success story or questions.
We provide legal and business consulting in New York City and Panama City, Panama - I see as my main task is protecting American, Canadian, European and international investors in Panama. I would like to get to investors who are considering Panama before they make all the mistakes.
In New York +212-541-3909 and in Panama +507-269-0060 and on the Web:
www.panamanagement.comJuliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.comBlogger190125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-74867390791872744112022-12-14T12:14:00.000-05:002022-12-14T12:14:14.231-05:002022 Stony Brook University Holiday video<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/UMrgZTN-b9s" frameborder="0"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-29802125551761064442022-10-19T13:31:00.002-04:002022-10-19T13:31:37.086-04:00My next course for Spring 2023 - Gender Issues and the Law for Stony Brook University<iframe style="background-image:url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/UBNPJH2yG70/hqdefault.jpg)" width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/UBNPJH2yG70" frameborder="0"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-60627347885992679372022-07-30T14:04:00.004-04:002022-07-30T14:04:34.674-04:00<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfo3msjsge2Re18gim8Z2ZLPlqH--dktqypnYA2HDa9Ad6fYHswgJ99oGGuh1mI30EC29KlHPd0HgJMfUeBjGyEyunmkolkS87v_l7HrH45KhjTV2jC2WD_tKAt7cXpOsbnfc5y6xt-FIhdlMDmO0iutLmc4sp-oyDV1QXjGP538kaIpt2yYeZHBkyfA/s960/JP%20promo%201%20eng%20v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfo3msjsge2Re18gim8Z2ZLPlqH--dktqypnYA2HDa9Ad6fYHswgJ99oGGuh1mI30EC29KlHPd0HgJMfUeBjGyEyunmkolkS87v_l7HrH45KhjTV2jC2WD_tKAt7cXpOsbnfc5y6xt-FIhdlMDmO0iutLmc4sp-oyDV1QXjGP538kaIpt2yYeZHBkyfA/w461-h346/JP%20promo%201%20eng%20v2.jpg" width="461" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-11647313734624671822022-05-25T18:37:00.002-04:002022-05-25T18:37:11.284-04:00ICTD International Master Class on Transport Diplomacy™ - sharing the knowledge!<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/qr96xrRz6r4" frameborder="0"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-36866383180430134932022-05-25T18:30:00.002-04:002022-05-25T18:30:56.527-04:00GLOBAL TRANSIT DOCUMENT 25 10 21<iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/VNPRKSfoj78" width="480"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-83206220895534110852021-09-07T15:24:00.001-04:002021-09-07T15:24:39.067-04:00BEYOND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS VISION FOR A PLANETARY FUTURE<iframe style="background-image:url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JrxbCJT8tqU/hqdefault.jpg)" width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/JrxbCJT8tqU" frameborder="0"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-16285792590849072792021-07-22T16:43:00.000-04:002021-07-22T16:43:17.962-04:00US Department of State Travel Advisory!<p> <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/panama-travel-advisory.html">https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/panama-travel-advisory.html</a></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: robotocondensed-regular-webfont;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: 16px;">Do not travel to Panama due to COVID-19. Exercise increased caution due to crime. Some areas have increased risk. Read the entire </span>Travel Advisory.</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: robotocondensed-regular-webfont; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Read the Department of State’s <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/ea/covid-19-information.html">COVID-19 page</a> before you plan any international travel.</b></span></p>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-51763784192414337642021-07-22T16:34:00.000-04:002021-07-22T16:34:42.244-04:00Panama Travel Advisory<p> <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/panama-travel-advisory.html">https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/panama-travel-advisory.html</a></p><p><br /></p><h3 class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-type-frame" style="background-color: #c61700; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; float: left; font-family: robotocondensed-bold-webfont; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; height: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin-top: 0px; max-height: 70px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center; width: 115.962px;"><div class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-type-frame-typebox alerttype" style="background: transparent; float: left; font-family: oswald_regular; font-size: 0.9em; height: 20px; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; width: 115.962px;">July 12, 2021</div></h3><h3 class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-title " style="color: white; float: left; font-family: oswald_regular; font-size: 0.94em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 8px; width: 180.896px;">Panama - Level 4: Do Not Travel</h3><div id="container tooltipalert" style="color: white; font-family: robotocondensed-regular-webfont; font-size: 16px;"></div><div class="tsg-rwd-page-subheader" style="font-family: robotocondensed-regular-webfont; font-size: 16px;"><h1 style="font-family: robotocondensed-bold-webfont !important; font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 5px;">Panama Travel Advisory</h1></div><div class="tsg-rwd-content-page-parsysxxx parsys" style="color: #444444; font-family: robotocondensed-regular-webfont; font-size: 16px;"><div class="EmergencyAlert parbase section"><div class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alert-frame" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); float: left; width: 463.85px;"><div class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-red" style="background-color: red; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; float: left; height: 70px; max-height: 70px; width: 463.85px;"><h3 class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-type-frame" style="background-color: #c61700; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; font-family: robotocondensed-bold-webfont; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; height: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin-top: 0px; max-height: 70px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center; width: 115.962px;"><div class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-type-frame-typebox alerttype" style="background: transparent; float: left; font-family: oswald_regular; font-size: 0.9em; height: 20px; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 4px; width: 115.962px;">Travel Advisory<br />July 12, 2021</div></h3><h3 class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alertheader-title " style="float: left; font-family: oswald_regular; font-size: 0.94em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 8px; width: 180.896px;">Panama - Level 4: Do Not Travel</h3><div id="container tooltipalert"><a class="showThreat" data-tooltip="Health: Health risks are present, including current disease outbreaks or crises that disrupt a country’s medical infrastructure.
" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 20px; border: 1px inset black; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: right; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1em; height: 20px; line-height: 21px; margin-right: 2.5px; margin-top: 2.5px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 20px; z-index: 1000;" title="Tool Tip: Health">H</a><a class="showThreat" data-tooltip="Crime: Widespread violent or organized crime is present in areas of the country. Local law enforcement may have limited ability to respond to serious crimes.
" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 20px; border: 1px inset black; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: right; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.1em; height: 20px; line-height: 21px; margin-right: 2.5px; margin-top: 2.5px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 20px; z-index: 1000;" title="Tool Tip: Crimes">C</a></div></div><div class="tsg-rwd-emergency-alert-text" style="float: left; padding: 8px 18.5509px; width: 426.737px;"><p>Do not travel to Panama due to <b>COVID-19</b>. Exercise increased</p></div></div></div></div>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-20294317148567146212021-07-15T15:37:00.001-04:002021-07-15T15:37:34.936-04:002016 New York Brava Awards – Group 2<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/0G9DwxrMPao" frameborder="0"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-79978167820537104342021-07-03T14:17:00.000-04:002021-07-03T14:17:31.938-04:00Rethinking Higher Education in the USA<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Our current conversations about Diversity are
incomplete,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">and too narrowly construed, without addressing
Cultural<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Diversity. New terminology plurality of diversity.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/jpasser/rethinking-higher-education" target="_blank">https://www.slideshare.net/jpasser/rethinking-higher-education</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></p>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-6582124483970516942021-04-01T19:10:00.003-04:002021-04-01T19:11:59.556-04:00Giant Container Ship that Blocked Suez Canal Set Free<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/03/29/giant-container-ship-blocked-suez-canal-set-free.html">Giant Container Ship that Blocked Suez Canal Set Free</a></span></div>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-28082020123831363072021-03-12T15:34:00.002-05:002021-03-12T15:38:54.837-05:00<p> <span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9)" face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">Taiwan is becoming the most dangerous flashpoint in the world. Most international wars come as a surprise, except to those planning them. The administration of President Joe Biden should develop a more credible U.S. strategy to deter such a war. New CFR report - below. </span><a data-attribute-index="0" href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=china&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A6776215308974870528" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: var(--font-weight-bold); line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; vertical-align: baseline;">#china</a><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9)" face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a data-attribute-index="1" href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=internationalrelations&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A6776215308974870528" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: var(--font-weight-bold); line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; vertical-align: baseline;">#internationalrelations</a><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9)" face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a data-attribute-index="2" href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=politics&highlightedUpdateUrns=urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A6776215308974870528" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: var(--font-weight-bold); line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; vertical-align: baseline;">#politics</a></p><p>https://www.cfr.org/report/united-states-china-and-taiwan-strategy-prevent-war?utm_medium=social_share&utm_source=li</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-33641267508964437312020-12-15T14:59:00.002-05:002020-12-15T14:59:51.682-05:00Transport Diplomacy Overview<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/kGTK3TREd6M" frameborder="0"></iframe>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-83948155113227267272020-12-15T14:33:00.002-05:002020-12-15T14:33:55.831-05:00Juliette was a speaker<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNkRSqEoOJrRCiS1kEAezNywzCh5fgklcoNyw6i33pyxNob0yBdqCLqaW09hG-Yp397WrSp3pJ1Hgqwnkmv8dHJGqXC2JaWp-VIlB1iTLmIsLhDIq0wsPXNCAjHl_vUth-pd4Ecc7YeN4/s960/GTrD+Dec++JP+promo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNkRSqEoOJrRCiS1kEAezNywzCh5fgklcoNyw6i33pyxNob0yBdqCLqaW09hG-Yp397WrSp3pJ1Hgqwnkmv8dHJGqXC2JaWp-VIlB1iTLmIsLhDIq0wsPXNCAjHl_vUth-pd4Ecc7YeN4/s320/GTrD+Dec++JP+promo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-38216752879650445202020-03-07T19:57:00.001-05:002020-03-07T19:57:38.249-05:00<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">A PRIMER on International Arbitration for Board MEMBERS
& Local COunsel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrCsOaC5qmCdzwdqzeN73it00MFAjVVSmDTwPBLETgiEDN5MHk_WXint21MQ46LK6Y18xzHnJ2fGEOquojHl13RwFkE033z_fQcfOLeKx1_1yV3iOA9jucBOVfmFQ4fdt2f3PzNjvJmv8/s1600/20140428_200708.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrCsOaC5qmCdzwdqzeN73it00MFAjVVSmDTwPBLETgiEDN5MHk_WXint21MQ46LK6Y18xzHnJ2fGEOquojHl13RwFkE033z_fQcfOLeKx1_1yV3iOA9jucBOVfmFQ4fdt2f3PzNjvJmv8/s320/20140428_200708.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #660066; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20.0pt;">A</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">rbitration is not a new
concept, in fact it has been used for centuries, with Plato writing about
arbitration amongst the ancient Greeks. As international trade and commerce
have grown over the past decades, the frequency of international arbitration
proceedings has significantly increased since </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">globalization of
cross-border investments and trade has led to increased and ever more complex
relationships between businesses, investors, and States.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hence,
over the last 50 years or so, the international community has increasingly
embraced arbitration, with many recognizing its importance as the primary means
of resolving complex transnational disputes. </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">For example, nearly half of the requests
for arbitration filed with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Court of Arbitration since its creation in 1923 were filed in the
1980s with a steady increase in each decade thereafter with records in 2016 and
2017 and beyond. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According
to the ICC alone, worldwide, 2,282 parties were involved in ICC Arbitration
cases from 135 countries in 2018. Newly registered cases in 2018 represented an
aggregate value of US$ 36 billion, with an average amount of US$ 45 million in
dispute. The aggregate value of all pending disputes before the Court at the
end of the year was US$ 203 billion, with an average value of $131 million and
a median value of US$ 10 million. With the exception of 2016, which
included 135 related small-claim cases arising from a single collective dispute,
these statistics represent a new record for ICC Arbitration cases. In addition,
for the top 11 international arbitration institutions this number increases to 6,288
in 2018, according to Global Arbitration News. This growth promises to continue
through the 2020s, since international arbitration offers many distinct
advantages to parties involved in international transactions.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Of course, arbitration is not right for
every party in every situation and an informed and considered decision need to be
made depending upon a party’s particular circumstances and objectives.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Principally,
arbitration offers an international neutral forum for the resolution of a
dispute so that neither party to an international transaction need be subject
to the national courts of the other party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Neither side wants to be at a procedural or substantive disadvantage by
having to resolve a dispute in the home court of the other party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because international arbitration is now so
routinely conducted, each party can feel comfortable proceeding in a forum with
familiar procedures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>International
arbitration, as domestic arbitration, is conducted on a confidential
basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trade secrets, business
information, and even the fact that the arbitration is taking place at all may
thus, in many instances, be kept private.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This confidentiality can be particularly useful if the parties wish to
continue their business relationship during or after the resolution of the
particular dispute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ability to
preserve a good business relationship exists to an even greater extent in
international arbitration because many of these arbitrations, particularly
those involving parties from civil law jurisdictions, are conducted principally
through the submission of written evidence rather than oral testimony. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, the proceedings are likely to be
less confrontational since business executives will be subject to less of the
intensive and difficult cross-examination that occurs in litigation, or even in
domestic arbitration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Moreover,
international arbitration awards are easier to enforce than foreign court
judgments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The New York Convention <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Panama Convention <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>each provide straightforward procedures to
enforce international arbitration agreements and foreign arbitral awards; they
also limit the ability of the party resisting enforcement to challenge the
award.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By contrast, the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place>
is not a party to any comparable international convention regarding court
judgments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
summary describes the nature of the legal regime that governs international arbitration,
the institutions that are frequently used in international arbitration, the
manner in which international arbitrations are conducted, and the enforcement
of international arbitration awards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
many aspects regarding arbitral law, procedures, and strategy applies to
international arbitration as much as to domestic arbitration, this summary focuses
on those areas in which international arbitration varies from domestic
arbitration and on the different resources that are available to the parties in
an international arbitration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Law Governing International Arbitration</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Each
international arbitration is governed by two legal regimes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The governing procedural law regulates the
manner in which the arbitration is conducted, while the relevant substantive
law provides the arbitrators with the legal principles by which they must
resolve the dispute.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
substantive law is often chosen by the parties and expressly stated in the
contract, but, if it is not, the arbitrators apply choice-of-law rules to
select the proper substantive law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
applicable substantive law may have no connection at all to the forum in which
the arbitration is conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
contrast, although the procedure governing the arbitration may be agreed upon
by the parties or determined by the arbitrators, mandatory procedural
requirements may be imposed by the procedural law of the country in which the
arbitration is held.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, before selecting
a site for an international arbitration, a party should consider the national
arbitration law of that country and the effect it may have on the
proceeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some countries’ laws are not
as favorable to arbitration as others; some may provide for greater judicial
interference or limit the flexibility of the parties in determining the manner
in which the proceeding will be conducted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other countries may require that counsel or arbitrators be nationals of
the forum country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In general, the best
countries in which to conduct an international arbitration are those that:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1) severely limit the role of the courts,
and (2) provide the parties with the greatest autonomy in fixing the manner in
which the arbitration is conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Federal and State Laws</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the United States, the United
States Arbitration Act (Pub.L. 68–401, 43 Stat. 883, enacted February 12, 1925)
(FAA) governs international arbitrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Under the FAA, there is maximum party autonomy, as well as limited
judicial interference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition,
virtually all of the states have their own statues, most of which are based on
the Uniform Arbitration Act (UAA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
number of states have also recently adopted statues specifically governing
international arbitration, some of them modeled on the United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model law, described
below.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These new state statutes are
intended to foster the state’s use as a forum for international
arbitration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The application of these
statutes is unclear, however, since state arbitration laws are pre-empted to
the extent that they conflict with the FAA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Also, it is not always possible to determine whether a particular
provision of the state arbitration law does conflict with the FAA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other Countries’
Laws<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As
the use of international arbitration grew in the 1980s, various countries
enacted modern arbitration statues or amended their arbitration codes to provide
a more attractive forum for conducting international arbitrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These countries include <st1:country-region w:st="on">Austria</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Belgium</st1:country-region>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Mexico</st1:country-region>, The Netherlands, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Spain</st1:country-region>, and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Switzerland</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, in 1979, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">England</st1:place></st1:country-region> amended
its Arbitration Act to permit parties to international arbitrations to agree to
opt out of the “stated case” procedure by which questions of law may be
referred by arbitrators to courts for decision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most of these modern statues provide for limited judicial
intervention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At one extreme, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Belgium</st1:place></st1:country-region> has
completely eliminated the ability of a party to challenge in its courts an
arbitral award involving only non-Belgian parties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The various national statues are more or less
detailed from one another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Dutch
statute, for example, is much more detailed than the Swiss statute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Virtually all of the modern statues, however,
provide few, if any, mandatory procedural rules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The parties therefore have great autonomy in
selecting the manner in which the arbitration is to be conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The UNCITRAL Model
Law</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDn394rXaGq9W-8y_Siv2UIqrGVBbX28wjKaN74ZS4j7xQ4SSsIitCRkZjOCWlJLbtAiT8u6gRjKkFo6Fp6F0kuPYJQh4PDCCHWxN71dcqlSa-nJxfg-UEDTZi7GIKfiMWckyF2i-ZKHg/s1600/IMG_20170605_181059.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDn394rXaGq9W-8y_Siv2UIqrGVBbX28wjKaN74ZS4j7xQ4SSsIitCRkZjOCWlJLbtAiT8u6gRjKkFo6Fp6F0kuPYJQh4PDCCHWxN71dcqlSa-nJxfg-UEDTZi7GIKfiMWckyF2i-ZKHg/s320/IMG_20170605_181059.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Several
countries have recently enacted a Model Law drafted by the United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly in December 1985 (the UNCITRAL Model Law).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Model Law was drafted over a period of
three years by an UNCITRAL working group, consisting of delegates from
approximately three dozen countries, in order to promote harmony among
international arbitration statues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
law strives to achieve the twin goals mentioned above of maximum party autonomy
and limited judicial interference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
law also is consistent with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules and the New York Convention,
each of which the United Nations had previously adopted in order to promote the
efficiency of international arbitration.<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
general, the UNCITRAL Model Law has been adopted by countries that did not have
either “an up-to-date body of arbitration law” or “sufficient volume of
arbitrations over a sufficient period to have permitted the growth of an expertise
in putting their laws in practice.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
has been adopted - at least to a significant degree - by Australia, Bulgaria,
Canada (including several of its provinces), Cyprus, Hong Kong, and Nigeria and
most recently by</span> <span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Republic
of Korea (2016), Qatar (2017), Mongolia (2017), and Fiji (2017).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Model Law provides detailed procedures that apply in the event that the parties
do not specify what procedures are to be followed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its subject matter includes the scope of
permissible judicial intervention and arbitrations; stays of legal proceedings
and interim measures of protection by a court; the number of manner of
appointment of arbitrators and grounds and procedures for challenges; the
competence of arbitrators to rule on their own jurisdiction and to order
interim measures of protection; the conduct of arbitral proceedings; the nature
of decision making by the arbitrators, including determination of the
applicable law and the form and content of the award; recourse against the
arbitral award; and recognition of arbitral awards, including enforcement
procedures and grounds for refusal to recognize and enforce arbitral awards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>II.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Forums for Conducting International Arbitrations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
principal consideration in international arbitration is whether the proceeding
should take place under the auspices of an international arbitral institution
or whether it should be conducted on an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad
hoc</i> basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This section discusses
some of the various arbitration institutions and sets of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc</i> rules that are available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Arbitration Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
are many international arbitration institutions, of which the leading ones are
the AAA, the ICC International Court of Arbitration, and the London Court of
International Arbitration (LCIA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
arbitral bodies offer institutional advantages that can facilitate the progress
of an arbitration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to
providing facilities and staff, the institutions offer comprehensive rules that
provide a framework for the parties, but also grant autonomy to parties to adapt
the rules as needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the
institutions also provide guidance and assistance to arbitrators to ensure that
their final award will be enforceable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many arbitral institutions, however, charge substantial administrative
fees, usually based upon the amount in controversy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The American Arbitration Association.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The AAA is known primarily for domestic arbitration
but is has handled an increasingly large number of international arbitrations
as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>American<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Arbitration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Association-International<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Centre<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for Dispute Resolution<sup>®</sup>
(AAA-ICDR<sup>®</sup>) announced that the ICDR provided alternative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dispute resolution services for 993 international
cases, totaling $8.2 billion in claims, filed in 2018. The ICDR’s
year-over-year caseload has remained relatively stable, with approximately
1,000 cases filed annually. The international cases filed in 2018 involved parties
from 99 countries, and a variety of industries. Approximately 30 percent of the
international cases filed with the ICDR in 2018 (294 in total) were
multi-party<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nature. The largest<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>categories<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of international<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cases<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>filed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2018 related<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to disputes among<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>commercial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>franchises<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(272<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cases),construction<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>companies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(113),technology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(58<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cases), insurance (43), energy (40), and
pharmaceutical/biotechnology (23) industries. To further promote its role in
the international arbitration process, the AAA has promulgated International Arbitration
Rules, effective March 1, 1991 (AAA Int’l Rules).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rules are also designed to be used by
other arbitral institutions as administering bodies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the AAA,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[t]he overall approach
taken is close consultation by the association with the parties in the early
stages to organize the proceedings, broad arbitrator authority in the conduct
of the arbitration sufficient administrative authority to resolve procedural
impasses and institutional diligence to streamline and expedite the arbitration
process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The rules seek to combine the benefits of the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> ad hoc</i> approach taken by the UNCITRAL
Arbitration Rules, to which these new rules bear some similarity, with the
efficiency that can be gained through the use of an arbitral institution to
administer the arbitration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ICC
International Court of Arbitration.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ICC is
the most commonly used institution in the international arbitration field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its rules provide for somewhat greater
involvement by the institution in the arbitration proceeding than do the rules
of most other institutions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example,
if there is a question of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prima facie</i>
validity of the arbitration clause, the ICC will issue a preliminary ruling on
that question.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As long as there appears
to be an arbitration clause, the ICC will refer the matter to the arbitrators,
but, if there does not appear to be a clause governing the dispute, it will
refuse to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ICC also reviews
the Terms of Reference, discussed below, which are framed by the parties and
the arbitrators in the early stage of the proceedings, and it reviews the final
award to make sure it is enforceable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> court of International Arbitration.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With its new rules promulgated in 1985, the
LCIA is seeking to challenge the ICC’s predominance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its historical roots date back to 1883, while</span>
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">in 1981, the name of
the Court was changed to the London Court of International Arbitration, to
reflect the nature of its work, which was, by that time, predominantly international.
The LCIA remains one of the bigger permanent international arbitration
institutions today,</span> <span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">with
a current reported average of 303 cases per year. Its rules provide for less
administrative intervention in the hope of moving the arbitration along more
quickly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike the ICC, which requires
most of the payment for its services early in the arbitration, the LCIA spreads
the payments out over the course of the arbitration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike the other institutions, which appoint
arbitrators from many different countries, the LCIA tends to appoint English
Queen’s Counsels (Q.C.s) as its arbitrators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The LCIA provides services
for arbitration, mediation, adjudication and ADR. It is important to note that
the institution does not itself resolve disputes. Rather, it provides the
necessary support for parties and for the arbitral tribunal throughout the
proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parties may also resort to
the LCIA in ad hoc proceedings. In this case, the institution will act as an
appointing authority, and it will assist the parties in the appointment of
arbitrators, mediators and experts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regional Arbitration
Centers.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Stockholm Chamber of Commerce and the
Federal Economic Chamber of Commerce in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Vienna</st1:place></st1:city>
are smaller institutions that generally handle East-West arbitrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, for
example, is frequently used as the arbitration forum in contracts involving the
<st1:placename w:st="on">Peoples</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Republic</st1:placetype>
of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly, many regional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>arbitration centers have been created during
the past decade to promote arbitration involving those areas of the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pacific Rim centers have been created in <st1:city w:st="on">Vancouver</st1:city>, Hong Kong, <st1:city w:st="on">Sydney</st1:city>,
<st1:city w:st="on">Melbourne</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">San Francisco</st1:city>
and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Los Angeles</st1:place></st1:city>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other new arbitration centers include those
in <st1:city w:st="on">Milan</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Quebec</st1:state>,
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cairo</st1:place></st1:city>, and Kuala
Lumpur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">International</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> for the Settlement of Investment Disputes.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ICSID is a specialized tribunal for disputes
regarding international investment contracts to which one party is a
government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was established in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Washington</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">DC</st1:state></st1:place>,
by the World Bank, as a means of encouraging governments to arbitrate disputes.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So far, approximately a dozen
arbitrations have been conducted by ICSID.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ICSID’s rules provide that the losing party may seek to have the award
annulled by a review committee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To date,
three awards that have been rendered by ICSID tribunals have been annulled, and
the annulments have required entirely new arbitrations before additional
tribunals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, this
time-consuming and burdensome process has undermined the usefulness of ICSID and
the finality of its awards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ad Hoc Rules.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">An <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc </i>arbitration may in some circumstances be preferable to an
arbitration conducted pursuant to the rules of one of the organizations
described above.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>arbitration, parties and arbitrators either develop their own rules in
the arbitration agreement or at the time of the arbitration, or they use<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>standard rules that have been promulgated to
assist parties in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc </i>arbitrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most commonly used standard rules are the
UNCITRAl Arbitration Rules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition,
the Center for Public Resources has recently issued an excellent set of Rules
for Non-Administered Arbitration of Business Disputes (CPR Rules).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A number of arbitration institutions, such as
the AAA, also offer a hybrid of the institutional and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc</i> approaches by providing a set of procedures for using the
UNCITRAL Rules and simultaneously using the institution to act as an appointing
authority or provide other necessary functions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IV.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unlike
judgments entered in American courts, awards issued by arbitration panels
cannot be enforced by the entity that renders them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arbitrators have no legal authority
themselves to require any particular actions by the losing party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although historically most participants in
international commercial arbitration - both private parties and states - comply
with arbitral awards, some losing parties do not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these circumstances, the successful party
must seek means external to arbitration to secure enforcement of the award. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New
York</st1:place></st1:state> Convention<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (New York, 10 June 1958) (“New York Convention”) provides the
legal basis for the enforcement of most international commercial arbitration
awards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Convention provides for
mutual recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards by the contracting
states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By limiting defenses to
confirmation of an award, it seeks to eliminate wasteful, duplicative litigation
following an arbitration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Convention
has been ratified or acceded to by over eighty countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place> acceded to the Convention
in 1970, when Congress passed the necessary implementing legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state></st1:place>
convention applies to awards made in the territory of a state other than the
state in which the recognition and enforcement of the award is sought, as well
as to “arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the state where the
recognition and enforcement are sought.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This last approach takes into account factors such as the law that was
applied in the arbitration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
two-pronged test of applicability of the Convention is the result of a
compromise between civil and common law nations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, the Convention applies to a
broader range of arbitral awards than it would have if either of the two
approaches had been adopted alone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Convention provides that any member state may, at the time of its signing,
ratification of, or accession to the Convention, declare that it will apply the
Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the
territory of another Contracting State, or to differences arising out of legal
relationships “considered as commercial under the national law of the State making
such declaration.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place> adopted both
reservations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, a <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region> court would enforce an arbitral
award rendered in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Switzerland</st1:country-region>,
a signatory of the New York Convention, but not one rendered in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brazil</st1:place></st1:country-region>, which
has not ratified or acceded to the Convention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The “commercial” limitation prevents recognition and enforcement of an
arbitration award concerning, for example, an ancillary agreement relating to
services in connection with a sale of goods, if under some nations’ domestic law
such an agreement is not considered commercial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
establishing a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prima facie</i> case for
enforcement under the Convention, the proponent of an award is required only to
supply the original, or a certified copy, of the award and the arbitral
agreement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The burden of proving the
invalidity of the award rests upon the defendant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He may raise one of five grounds for the
refusal of enforcement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These grounds
are detailed in Article V of the Convention:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(1) absence of valid arbitration agreement; (2) lack of a fair
opportunity to be heard; (3) the award exceeds the submission to arbitration;
(4) improper composition of the arbitral tribunal or improper arbitral
procedure; or (5) the award has not yet become binding or has been stayed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>American
courts have generally been quite reluctant to overturn an award on the basis of
any of the Article V defenses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the
Supreme Court has noted:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
goal of the Convention, and the principal purpose underlying American adoption
and implementation of it, was to encourage the recognition and enforcement of
commercial arbitration agreements in international contracts and to unify the
standards by which agreements to arbitrate are observed and arbitral awards are
enforced in the signatory countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thus, courts have been careful to take into
account the strong public policy favoring arbitration and to adopt standards
and define defenses in a manner that can be uniformly applied on an
international scale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They have therefore
construed narrowly any defenses to the enforcement or recognition of an award.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Courts
may refuse to enforce an award if the subject matter of the arbitration is not
capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of the country in which
enforcement is sought, or if it would be contrary to the public policy of that
country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In general, however, “[e]enforcement
of foreign arbitral awards may be denied on this basis only where enforcement
would violate the foreign state’s most basic notions of morality and justice.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Panama</st1:place></st1:country-region>
Convention</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
1975 Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, also
known as the “Panama Convention“, is a significant multilateral agreement of
which not all in the arbitration community are aware.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Convention was open to signature by all 35 Members of the Organization of
American States (OAS) and entered into force on 16 June 1976. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Panama convention may also be used as a legal basis for enforcing an arbitral
award rendered within the Western Hemisphere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Convention has been ratified by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some Latin American countries, however, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have not ratified either the Panama Convention
or the New York Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Panama Convention is essentially a regional carbon copy of the New York
Convention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The principal difference
between the two conventions is that the Panama Convention does not distinguish
between foreign and domestic awards, and it is applicable to any arbitral
decision with respect to a commercial transaction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, the Panama Convention provides
that, if the parties do not select procedural rules for the arbitration, the
Rules of the Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission shall automatically
apply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most importantly, Article 5 of
the Panama Convention allocates the burden of proof in the same manner and
provides for the same defenses as Article V of the New York Convention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two Conventions, however, contain
different procedures for the enforcement of the award.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
<st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region> implementing
legislation provides that, if both the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New
York</st1:state></st1:place> and Panama Conventions may apply, the Panama
Convention shall be the one that governs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In all other cases, however, the New York Convention governs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>State Law<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arbitral
awards may also be enforced in state courts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Generally, states that have substantial contacts with international
transactions and sophisticated commercial activities tend to be more hospitable
to the enforcement of arbitration awards than states that do not have such
connections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, it is important for a
party to review state law since it may play a significant role with respect to
the arbitration clause of the agreement.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">©<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2017-2020 Juliette Passer, Esq.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-7152">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-7152</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-27017300316682636232020-03-07T18:04:00.000-05:002020-03-07T18:04:08.618-05:00<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 22.5pt; mso-outline-level: 1; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #3f3f40; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 30.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Panama's new president takes office,
pledges end to corruption<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #717375; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><a href="https://in.reuters.com/journalists/elida-moreno" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Elida Moreno</span></a></span><span style="color: #717375; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #717375; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">3 MIN READ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PANAMA CITY (Reuters) - Panama’s new President
Laurentino “Nito” Cortizo vowed to curb corruption and close the wealth gap in
the isthmus nation at his swearing-in ceremony on Monday.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; margin-left: 92.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U.S.-educated political veteran Cortizo, 66,
of the Democratic Revolution Party (PRD), won the May election by just over two
percentage points, the closest presidential race in decades. During his
five-year term he will have to balance relations with China and the United
States, on top of domestic issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; margin-left: 92.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upon taking office at a convention center in
the capital, Cortizo repeated campaign vows to clean up politics after Panama’s
image was tarnished by a corruption scandal involving Brazilian engineering
firm Odebrecht, and the Panama Papers leak of millions of documents detailing
tax evasion by the rich and powerful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; margin-left: 92.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We come from a lost decade of corruption and
improvisation, of stealing money from Panamanians,” he said. “There will be no
untouchables, even if they are ministers, deputies and big businessmen,
starting with the president himself.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cortizo said he would propose a new law in
Congress, in which his party holds the majority, to ensure clear rules and
transparency around public contracts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panama’s economy grew 5.3% annually on average
under former President Juan Carlos Varela, driven by the financial sector,
infrastructure spending and revenue from the Panama Canal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, Varela rankled the United States by
formally establishing diplomatic ties with China, the second-largest client of
the Panama Canal, accepting investment in a number of strategic projects and
starting to negotiate a free trade deal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the campaign, Cortizo said he would
continue to deepen ties with China, but has suggested he might move more slowly
than Varela.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cortizo did not mention China in his speech,
but in a statement on Monday his office said Panama “valued the relation with
the People’s Republic of China.” It added that he was interested in revising
trade agreements with the goal of increasing agricultural exports to the Asian
country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fixing Panama’s inequality and reducing
poverty would be among the country’s major tasks, Cortizo said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The country of bonanza can not hide the country
of misery,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #313132; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cortizo won a narrow election victory over
Romulo Roux, who initially refused to concede defeat. No election in Panama has
produced such a close outcome since the 1989 restoration of democracy that
followed the U.S. invasion to topple dictator Manuel Noriega.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #717375; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reporting by Elida
Moreno, Writing by Daina Beth Solomon; Editing by Bill Berkrot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #717375; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Our Standards:<a href="http://thomsonreuters.com/en/about-us/trust-principles.html"><span style="color: blue;">The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.</span></a></span></i><i><span style="color: #717375; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-21267794695444640342019-02-08T10:00:00.000-05:002019-02-08T10:00:05.606-05:00Cepal expects the Panamanian economy to grow 5.6%<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>Cepal expects the Panamanian economy to grow 5.6%</b></span></div>
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For this year, an upturn in the construction sector is expected, driven by investment projects in public infrastructure.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaorEHH6pj4vxTFd6R_YpZaXQ54Ya3jNKBw0W3wKsndwmGGqC09r8YEgMqI5UCRu3UHKxmI_zSdsoNZLHtF-HXiosRzJIJxu46iK0Hrpkl8OfdLxkk9OTV4R_h-wqWYBgyIzTIjIlb5rY/s1600/cepal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaorEHH6pj4vxTFd6R_YpZaXQ54Ya3jNKBw0W3wKsndwmGGqC09r8YEgMqI5UCRu3UHKxmI_zSdsoNZLHtF-HXiosRzJIJxu46iK0Hrpkl8OfdLxkk9OTV4R_h-wqWYBgyIzTIjIlb5rY/s320/cepal.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By: La Estrella de Panama</td></tr>
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The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) reviewed its prospects for economic growth for Panama with an upward trend and ranks it among those that will grow most in the region. By 2019, the Panamanian economy is expected to grow by 5.6%, according to the Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean published by ECLAC. </div>
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According to the analysis, an upturn in the construction sector is expected for this year, driven by the various investment projects in infrastructure, mainly public, including the construction of the fourth bridge over the Panama Canal, the expansion of the Panama-Panama highway. Arraiján, the extension of Line 2 of the subway to Tocumen and the start-up of the copper mine located in Colón, which, in full operation, is estimated, will be able to produce more than 320,000 tons of copper per year.</div>
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<i><b>ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS 2019 FOR THE REGION</b></i></div>
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<i>In the projections for 2019, downside risks prevail. For this year 2019, in addition to Panama (5.6%), the Dominican Republic (5.7%), Peru (3.6%), Colombia (3.3%), Guatemala (3.0%), Costa Rica (2.9%), Mexico are also expected to grow. (2.1%), and Honduras (3.6%), although to a lesser extent than the 2018 projections. Brazil will also grow (2.0%), Honduras (3.6%), Chile (3.3%) and Paraguay's will remain ( 4.2%) to mention a few countries in the region. On the contrary, the economy of Argentina (-1.8%), Nicaragua (-2.0%) and Venezuela (-10.0%) is expected to lose dynamism.</i></div>
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The balance, one of the most important annual reports of the ECLAC, analyzes in its 2018 edition the economic performance of the region during the year, the international context, the macroeconomic policies that the countries have implemented and delivery perspectives for 2019. According to In the analysis, during the first semester of 2018 there was a loss of dynamism in the Panamanian economy, which grew 3.7%, 2.1% less than in the same period of 2017, when it grew 5.8%.</div>
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For this period, the sectors that remained dynamic were: transportation, storage and communications (7.3%), due to a 10.3% increase in Panama Canal operations and an increase of 15.9% associated with passenger traffic; the fishing sector (15.2%), thanks to a significant increase in shrimp exports and trade (3.9%), mainly due to an increase in wholesale trade (5.1%); and the activities of the Colon Free Zone (4.9%).</div>
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On the contrary, the construction sector grew only 2.0% (8.2% in the same period of the previous year) due to the general strike of workers in the second quarter. As a result of the above, the growth of the mining and quarrying sector was also significantly reduced (2.0% compared to 8.1% in the first half of the previous year).</div>
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As in the previous year, the inter-annual variation of the CPI to October 2018 remained low and stood at 0.8%. The sectors with the highest price increases were education (3.7%) and alcoholic beverages and tobacco (1.3%).</div>
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For their part, the sectors that registered a fall were clothing and footwear (-0.9%), communications (-0.8%) and food and non-alcoholic beverages (-0.9%). Finally, the national unemployment rate to March 2018 was 5.8% compared to 5.6% on the same date of the previous year, while the open unemployment rate remained at 4.6%.</div>
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According to ECLAC, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean face a complex global economic scenario in the coming years, in which a reduction in the dynamics of growth is expected, both in developed countries and emerging economies, accompanied by an increase in the volatility of the international financial markets. Added to this is the structural weakening of international trade, aggravated by trade tensions between the United States and China. It is expected that both developed and emerging countries will lose dynamism.</div>
</span>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-59483658951725067372019-02-06T11:00:00.000-05:002019-02-06T17:50:51.395-05:00Culture and talent in World Music Panama<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Culture and talent in World Music Panama </b></div>
</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On February 21, the concert season organized by Oscar Producciones begins. The events will be held in the Athenaeum, City of Knowledge.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
"Music is something so pure that no matter what your mood or your way of thinking, it transports you to an oasis, a place where you can feel safe, protected by a divinity," says Hernán Romero, virtuoso international guitarist , composer and producer. The benefits of music do not only apply to the emotional state; is considered among the elements that cause more pleasure in life. It releases dopamine, a hormone linked to happiness. </div>
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Aware of the advantages of listening to good melody, the musical promoter Oscar Producciones presents World Music Panamá, 2019, a series of concerts that aims to raise awareness of renowned musical exponents, who from their cultural roots, work and artistic talent, they contribute to the development and evolution of music. Dúo Finlandia, a fusion of South American rhythms and sounds, folk and electronic music, is in charge of raising the curtain on the musical cycle on February 21. </div>
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The Argentines Mauricio Candussi and Raphael Evangelista also flirt with jazz, playing the accordion, the cello and the keyboard, without forgetting the traditional tangos. DuOud, formed by Smadj and Mehdi Haddab, is the second group that will take the stage. The particularity of this duo is to combat the tradition of the laud, an Arabic instrument that has existed for centuries in the Middle East and in the countries of North Africa, with a very modern electronic treatment. </div>
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Lito Vitale and Juan C. Baglietto will delight the Panamanian public in the third concert of the World Music Panama series. Both musicians are linked to Argentine popular music. They began their stories associated with the Argentine rock movement of the early 70s. They recorded together and were crowned with the album Postales de este lado del mundo.</div>
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Lito Vitale is a talented pianist, composer and musical director, while Juan C. Baglietto is a renowned Argentine musician and singer. He devoted himself in the field of rock thanks to his classic album of 1982, Difficult Times.</div>
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Making Movies is a group made up of two Panamanian brothers Enrique and Diego Chi, who grew up in Kansas City and brothers Juan Carlos and Andrés Chaurand from Mexico. They fuse rock with Latin genres such as cumbia, psychedelia, Cuban and the spoken word. The musical group is in charge of the fourth concert.</div>
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Adrián Iaies, Argentine pianist and composer nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards on three occasions, joins Diana Arias and Facundo Guevara in Adrian Iaies & Colegiales Trío to showcase Argentine popular music without limits in the musical evening.</div>
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Abate Berihum, saxophonist, vocalist and composer of Ethiopian-Israeli jazz, will be present at the penultimate concert organized by Oscar Producciones. The prolific artist is one of the most outstanding Ethiopian musicians in Israel.</div>
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World Music Panama 2019 will culminate with the presentation of Slixs Sexteto Vocal, a group that revolutionizes the acoustic customs of the a cappella genre.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By La Estrella de Panama. Lito Vitale y Juan C. Baclietto<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 11.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<br /><br /> <br /><br /> </span>Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-31704193314381321842019-02-04T09:00:00.000-05:002019-02-04T20:37:49.945-05:00Panama's economy will grow 6% in 2019, Varela<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Panama's economy will grow 6% in 2019, Varela</span></div>
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According to the head of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Eyda Varela de Chinchilla, Panama grew 4% in 2018. A figure that could be exceeded this year</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOx18IcYlGAs_bP2dWBeTvS5pfwuOLBUW0I9XptBfpqtxgwNtZX_9IYbryi-ul6dc_6tzgfw6SdZmKGApQ93KWwWtJhXt3hhQCtZVNbR4_6ejm8kZXgvg3gCeuCRptOv_xVaq5QqFJAg/s1600/economy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOx18IcYlGAs_bP2dWBeTvS5pfwuOLBUW0I9XptBfpqtxgwNtZX_9IYbryi-ul6dc_6tzgfw6SdZmKGApQ93KWwWtJhXt3hhQCtZVNbR4_6ejm8kZXgvg3gCeuCRptOv_xVaq5QqFJAg/s320/economy.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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This year, the Panamanian economy is set to grow by approximately 6%, according to the head of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Eyda Varela de Chinchilla, during an exhibition at a forum organized by Capital FinanPanama's economy will grow 6% in 2019, Varelaciero, where she analyzed the behavior of 2018 and its projection for 2019.</div>
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According to Varela de Chinchilla, depending on international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Panama would grow in a range of 6.3%, 6% and 5.6%, respectively.</div>
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During 2018, the world in general grew 3%; while Panama was limited by 4.1%. 'This year (2019) only China is the country that grows above Panama, but when compared with the United States and the rest of the world, we will double, and compared to Latin America, we will grow about three times more,' he said. the representative of the MEF.</div>
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Varela de Chinchilla said that this growth will be based on copper production in Donoso, province of Colon, which would begin this year, without detailing the month; the expansion of the Tocumen International Airport, which will add twenty doors to its inventory; the impact of the World Youth Day, the beginning of the construction of the fourth bridge over the Canal, the third line of the Metro, the extension of the lanes to the interior of the country, the banana production in Barú by Banapiña, a subsidiary of Del Monte, which in 2018 began sowing the first 650 hectares.</div>
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For his part, economist Alan Corbett estimates that GDP growth should be between 6% and 7% for a small economy like the local one, with peaks no greater than 9%, at best, and no less than 5%. %, in the worst of scenarios.</div>
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The previous thing, says the economist, allows that the private company and the investment sustain of constant form the growth of the use, with a relatively controlled inflation of 3% to 4%. "Everything that is above or below those ranges generates imbalance," he said.</div>
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Corbett exemplified that as there are no savings and there is a lot of inflation, it is possible to decelerate growth a little to reduce inflation.</div>
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Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-5739321480998399652019-01-31T10:00:00.000-05:002019-02-03T17:04:57.471-05:00Lonely Planet selects Panama as one of the best 10 countries to visit in 2019<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Sitka Banner", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Lonely Planet selects Panama as one of the best 10 countries
to visit in 2019</b></span><span style="font-size: 24pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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further than Panama which has just been voted among the 10 best countries to
visit in 2019, according to the new edition of the Lonely Planet travel guide
on the ten countries that are beginning to awaken the imagination of travelers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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countries”, Lonely Planet chooses Panama as the fourth best country to visit
and shows a brief review of its benefits with a photograph of colorful coral
reefs in Bocas del Toro and its exact location on a map of the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">The first on the list is Sri Lanka, followed by Germany,
Zimbabwe, Panama, Kyrgyzstan, Jordan, Indonesia, Belarus, Sao Tome and Principe
and Belize The guide points out that for such a small country Panama has much
variety to offer, including white sand beaches, tropical forests, misty
highlands and indigenous cultures so that “It’s surprising that somehow it’s
still under the radar.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">In addition, it indicates that in 2019 Panama City is
committed to celebrate “as never before” its 500th anniversary with a
“strident” jubilee that you do not want to miss. “Viva Panama !”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">In addition to the ranking of the best countries to visit,
each year Lonely Planet also selects the ten best cities, regions and
qualityprice destinations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">Lonely Planet started as a travel guide for trips around the
world. Today it is one of the largest publishers of travel guides with nearly
600 titles published and 120 million books printed in 11 languages. It also has
a television studio, website and two mobile applications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">Panama was also chosen by the National Geographic magazine as
an ideal place to visit during the spring of 2018. European tourists are
starting to discover this small country. Direct flights from the Tocumen
International Airport to Europe have given the the Isthmus more visibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">By: The Visitor</span></div>
<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-31066653978748537572019-01-28T09:00:00.000-05:002019-02-03T16:58:03.402-05:00Panama, on the lookout for global growth<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panama,
on the lookout for global growth<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If the world economy grows 3.1
percent this year, probably Panama will have better trade with other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The growth of 3.1% of the world
economy, a more robust percentage than in 2017, should benefit the Panamanian
economy as a service country; however, if it weakens, so will the results for
the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Earlier this year, the World Bank predicted that the world economy would grow
3.1%, however, organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have warned
that the global economy could have weakened more than expected due to trade
tensions between China and the United States. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last month, the IMF lowered its
global growth forecast for 2018 and 2019 to 3.7%, against the 3.9% calculated
earlier. Meanwhile, the global economic outlook that the OECD draws is not very
encouraging. The OECD predicts that next year the global economy will begin a
slowdown as a result of the commercial tensions, basically, due to the tariff
dispute between the United States and China, the stricter financial conditions
and the impact of oil prices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Increase <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.8 percent will grow Panama
this year, according to the forecasts of Indesa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1% Panama's economy grew in
the first six months of this year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The protagonists of this trade
war, China and the United States, do not escape from reality. AChina is
estimated to have GDP growth of 6.6% in 2018 and 6.3% in 2019, one tenth less
than what was estimated in the previous report of the OECD. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the American case, it will
be 2.9% this year and 2.7% next year. Both fall in 2020 to 6% and 2.1%,
respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The president of the National
Council of Private Enterprise (Conep) of Panama, Severo Sousa, emphasizes that
to the extent that world markets have better economic climate, it is more
likely that Panama has a better trade with them for being a country globalized
and that exports mainly services. Olmedo Estrada, president of the Association
of Economists of Panama, agrees with these proposals, saying that while the
economies are beginning to recover globally, this is a good sign for countries
like Panama, which depend on the economies to improve their condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He explains that when economies
are growing very low, they do not have the resources to buy goods and services
from other countries. So if the economies of Central and South America begin to
grow, it means that they are in a healthy condition and have the resources to
buy goods and services from other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If the growth of 3.1% is
achieved worldwide, a positive message is sent to the world and to those
countries that make strategic commercial alliances to increase economic
activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perspectives<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Although this year the
Panamanian economy has shown signs of weakening and could grow below 4%, the
outlook for 2019 is still above 5%, even close to 6%, explained the economist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Estrada indicates that this is
due to the fact that this year, due to the strike of the workers of the
National Union of Construction Workers (Suntracs), they stopped producing close
to 900 million dollars and its impact on the economy has left negative numbers
this year. Reason why the estimated 5% will not be reached.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For the other year, it is
unknown what situations or phenomena may appear, but it is expected that
investments in mining, the development of ports, the Panama Canal, the
financial center and logistics that are marking very positive dynamics will
help in 2019 you have a strong and robust economy and with the prospect of
growing more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXkxiHhgGL8PX_jRn9Ii-0f5EqW183ObfcNRr3zXk-fvOXEb_-xEWe10dyEjCxAbJ5IQSuomSJICj9j60HrKi1qF6Cp1ec5ykd-Bv6xOd5Bc1GH5tj5Tp5VlY8v_KiG5zvKiGlPahdSM/s1600/growth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="750" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXkxiHhgGL8PX_jRn9Ii-0f5EqW183ObfcNRr3zXk-fvOXEb_-xEWe10dyEjCxAbJ5IQSuomSJICj9j60HrKi1qF6Cp1ec5ykd-Bv6xOd5Bc1GH5tj5Tp5VlY8v_KiG5zvKiGlPahdSM/s320/growth.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By: Panama America</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-19660149270784254072019-01-18T09:00:00.000-05:002019-01-18T09:00:06.384-05:00Panama, one of the Best Places in the World to Retire<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Panama, one of the Best Places in the World to Retire</b></span><span style="font-family: Sitka Banner, serif; font-size: 24pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
According to the 2018 Annual Global Retirement Index, of the ten best places to live in the world, seven are in Latin America and among them is Panama, a place where you can live a healthier and happier life, spending little and obtaining many benefits in your favor.,</div>
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh63p18RMfmhpsnh_d__MS2nTsjz0TXnj1598B7ALNoh4tpzmj66Eq75f8maCQWiIbefMpUdv6cFi2oItB7refIQCW7UUbMs9QexOs6EzSvxDh3oTgopvFeuocOQq8jPlkfilH4cRee-Aw/s1600/retire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="667" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh63p18RMfmhpsnh_d__MS2nTsjz0TXnj1598B7ALNoh4tpzmj66Eq75f8maCQWiIbefMpUdv6cFi2oItB7refIQCW7UUbMs9QexOs6EzSvxDh3oTgopvFeuocOQq8jPlkfilH4cRee-Aw/s320/retire.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By The Visitor</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
Panama is a modern and practical country, situated close to the United States. Panama City is a destination which offers”exciting meals, jazz, movies, golf, tennis and much more”. It continues to grow daily and is becoming more attractive for tourists. Its people are friendly and welcoming, which gives a special touch to this small, but great country.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The lush mountain villages in the highlands of Chiriqui are among the best retirement destinations in the world. Expats in Panama have explained that they are much happier and healthier since they made the move. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the interior of the country, things become much better in terms of costs. It is possible to live on a budget of about $1500 per month, or even less. Regarding the payment of basic services; garbage collection is between $10 and $25 per month; mobile phone services and internet between $30 and $ 45 per month, aspects that make this country much more attractive. Another positive point for Panama is that retired foreigners do not pay any income tax on their earnings in their country of origin. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This list of positive things that the country offers is what has made it attractive for foreigners looking for a place to retire. Some aspects which are eye-catching and rouse interest in residing in Panama are: the basic economic services provided, access to health and high tech. and adequate salaries, among many others.</div>
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-27272301142919537942019-01-16T08:00:00.000-05:002019-01-16T08:00:10.873-05:00Chamber of Commerce expects economic growth to be above 5 percent this year<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chamber
of Commerce expects economic growth to be above 5 percent this year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For businessmen, it is important to ensure the conditions
that allow the growth of the economy to more than 5% this year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture of
Panama asked not to lose more time in complaints and lamentations about what
has stopped being done in the country and move to concrete actions, which bring
with them the changes that demand the needs and realities of the national
environment .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVxJ0qvfsH5C6stXMmwKzuw95pahHLpwfxXtO1elS80wrjrBqWzI_A7OW87WC1w8K0HqIU9CX6zcjMvMeAv6sh2Z9p6PGwDPDy7Aff08OUErzxkyylnIMSsqd9mYaa_C6tkP2WDVY-Bg/s1600/chamber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="630" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVxJ0qvfsH5C6stXMmwKzuw95pahHLpwfxXtO1elS80wrjrBqWzI_A7OW87WC1w8K0HqIU9CX6zcjMvMeAv6sh2Z9p6PGwDPDy7Aff08OUErzxkyylnIMSsqd9mYaa_C6tkP2WDVY-Bg/s320/chamber.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By Panama America</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For businessmen, it is important to ensure the conditions
that allow the growth of the economy to more than 5% this year. "Panama
must move towards structural and organic modernization that demands the
dimension and importance that currently scales on the international
scene," they point out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the opinion of the Chamber of Commerce, this depends on
the future vision of those who aspire to conduct national affairs and their
capacity as statesmen to take, from promises to practice, their electoral
offers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Employers are committed to work, while monitoring the
transparency and accountability of the next government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-62751429681415517342019-01-14T18:59:00.002-05:002019-01-14T18:59:48.615-05:00Juliette Passer, Esq. is Recognized as an NACD Board Leadership Fellow<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Juliette Passer, Esq. is Recognized as an NACD Board Leadership Fellow</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">NACD Fellows Demonstrate Their Commitment to the Highest Level of Leadership in the Boardroom</span></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">New York, New York, December 20, 2018 – International Project Development Group today announced that the </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.nacdonline.org/"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">National Association of Corporate Directors</span></a></span><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">(NACD) recently recognized Juliette Passer, CEO and General Counsel, as an NACD Board Leadership Fellow. NACD Fellows, who earn NACD <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fellowship—The Gold Standard Director Credential</i><sup>®</sup>— stand within the highest echelon of those committed to excellence in the boardroom. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">As the highest standard of credentialing for directors and governance professionals, NACD Fellowship is a comprehensive and continuous program of study that empowers Fellows with the latest insights, intelligence, and leading boardroom practices—year after year. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">“I am honored to join the distinguished and diverse group of individuals who make up the NACD Fellow community and who are committed to advancing the highest standards of boardroom excellence,” said Juliette Passer. “The resources, insights, and connections I’ve made through NACD Fellowship will be key assets to the companies I serve, as well as to my professional growth as a director.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Juliette Passer is an accomplished senior executive steeped in International, and the ability to help companies accelerate their penetration and growth in the United States and abroad. She has performed successfully in that role for over twenty-five years, also serving as counsel to the legal implications and nuances of these expansions. Juliette has extensive experience on numerous private and non-profit Boards and brings a unique business and legal understanding of international business transactions and business and political environments in architecting cross-border investments. She is particularly adept knowledgeable in markets, including the former USSR, Eastern and Western Europe, China, Turkey, and Panama. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">“We are proud to announce that Juliette Passer has joined NACD’s credentialed directors and has taken the next step in the pursuit of boardroom excellence,” said</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Peter Gleason</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">,<span style="color: #365f91;"> </span>CEO of NACD. “Our fellows help advance the highest standards for those who serve in the boardroom, strengthening our businesses, and driving director professionalism. The impact of this program is unmatched, and they should be commended for their ongoing commitment to their own professional development.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Representing hundreds of today’s largest and most-diverse corporations in the world, NACD Fellows serve on boards of NASDAQ OMX- and NYSE-listed companies such as Baker Hughes Inc., Citigroup Inc., DuPont, Foot Locker Inc., IBM, Lockheed Martin Corp., Microsoft Corp., Nordstrom Inc., Pinnacle Entertainment, SpartanNash Co., UnitedHealth Group Inc., and more.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">NACD Fellows provide a snapshot of the caliber of directors engaged in continuous learning with NACD—the recognized authority on leading boardroom practices </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">that more than 17,000 directors rely on to lead with confidence. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">To learn more about NACD <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fellowship</i>, visit </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.nacdonline.org/Education/content.cfm?ItemNumber=3577&navItemNumber=3704">NACDonline.org/Fellowship</a></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4770331903220920499.post-8449130934301251202018-12-14T09:00:00.000-05:002018-12-14T09:00:06.804-05:00<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Xi
Jinping: 'China Respects Canal Neutrality'<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The declarations of the agent
arise by the warnings of the United States, first commercial partner of Panama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12/03/18 <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW56affGNurnTzOuFVCunWba-CNejKAbkcN6COA-RDV0Eh9ts6LKYR_7jBg1B2Ify9aSG323MGcbmNmsBZV_TYm_j0LEbJY7Xvt5PXnMuc_dSUdk0vVFEeddj1qapSo2xeXDK-uo4DGGI/s1600/xiping2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="630" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW56affGNurnTzOuFVCunWba-CNejKAbkcN6COA-RDV0Eh9ts6LKYR_7jBg1B2Ify9aSG323MGcbmNmsBZV_TYm_j0LEbJY7Xvt5PXnMuc_dSUdk0vVFEeddj1qapSo2xeXDK-uo4DGGI/s320/xiping2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">By: Panama America</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
The President of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, assured during his
visit to Panama that China respects the neutrality of the Panama Canal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The declarations of the
president of the Asian giant are due to the warnings of the United States, Panama's
first commercial partner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Xi Jinping said he is willing
to work with the country to promote cooperation in the areas of trade,
investment, tourism, infrastructure and others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Signature of agreements <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">During the two-day visit of
President Xi Jinping to Panama, authorities of both Governments signed 19
agreements on maritime matters, tourism, export of tropical and marine
products, infrastructure, technology and financial services.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fair<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yesterday was inaugurated the
Exposition of the People's Republic of China, Panama 2018, the largest and
highest level held by the Asian giant in Panama since the establishment of
diplomatic relations in June 2017. The most important Chinese companies will
participate in the fair .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other agenda items were also
included, such as the signing of a memorandum of understanding on maritime
transport and the co-organization of the XIII China-LAC Business Summit, among
others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Juliette Passer, Esq.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02363443213138284945noreply@blogger.com0